The questions below are originally written with the perspective of providing user guidance related to EURO-CORDEX results, however many questions are broad and applies in a more general sense. This could mean that they can also be used by users of CORDEX information from other regions in the world and also in general every climate projection data user. Please note that there is a comprehensive user guide document provided by EURO-CORDEX and can be found at https://www.euro-cordex.net/imperia/md/content/csc/cordex/guidance_for_euro-cordex_climate_projections_data_use__2021-02_1_.pdf
The main topics are based on different categories suggested by the climate modellers as "typical" categories for which questions often arise. As an additional input questions asked by attendees at the C3S webinar series (https://climate.copernicus.eu/c3s-webinars-regional-climate-projections-europe) held in early March 2021. Please have a look also at the User Forum C3S webinars on regional climate projections for Europe for relevant topics from that webinar.
The main topics has primarily been chosen based on experience by the regional climate modellers in dialogue with ECMWF. The main topics fall into eleven different categories as listed below. For each question (underlined) it is attempted to answer in two levels where the first level is a short more general answer (in italics), while the second layer goes slightly more into detail sometimes including references for further reading when appropriate. Depending on the question, sometimes the answer includes a short recommendation (in bold face) on what a user may need to consider when using EURO-CORDEX climate projection data and some specific links (in red), when the information can be already found elsewhere. Extensive literature references can be found below (also at the specific questions).
- Aalbers EE, Lenderink G, van Meijgaard E, and van den Hurk B (2016) To what extent is climate change detection at the local scale 'clouded' by internal variability? In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. 18, s. 10121.
- Addor N and Fischer EM (2015) The influence of natural variability and interpolation errors on bias characterization in RCM simulations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120. doi:10.1002/2014JD022824.
- Boé J, Somot S, Corre L and Nabat P (2020) Large discrepancies in summer climate change over Europe as projected by global and regional climate models: causes and consequences. Clim Dyn 54, 2981–3002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05153-1
- Bärring L and Strandberg G (2018) Does the projected pathway to global warming targets matter? Environmental Research Letters, 13 (2018), 10.1088/1748-9326/aa9f72
- Coppola E, Nogherotto R, Ciarlo JM, Giorgi F, Somot S, Nabat P, Corre L, Christensen OB, Boberg F, van Meijgaard E, Aalbers E, Lenderink G, Schwingshackl C, Sandstad M, Sillmann J, Bülow K, Teichmann C, Iles C, Kadygrov N, Vautard R, Levavasseur G, Sørland SL, Demory M-E, Kjellström E and Nikulin G (2021) Assessment of the European climate projections as simulated by the large EURO-CORDEX regional climate model ensemble. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032356, DOI: 10.1029/2019JD032356
- Cornes R, van der Schrier G, van den Besselaar EJM and Jones PD (2018) An Ensemble Version of the E-OBS Temperature and Precipitation Datasets, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 123. doi:10.1029/2017JD028200
- Deser C, Lehner F, Rodgers KB et al. (2020) Insights from Earth system model initial-condition large ensembles and future prospects. Nat. Clim. Chang. 10, 277–286, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0731-2
- Eyring V, Bony S, Meehl GA, Senior CA, Stevens B, Stouffer RJ and Taylor KE (2016) Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization Geosci. Model Dev. 9, 1937–58.
- Hawkins E and Sutton R (2009) The potential to narrow uncertainty in regional climate predictions Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90, pp. 1095-1107, 10.1175/2009BAMS2607.1
- Kendon, EJ, NM Roberts, HJ Fowler, MJ Roberts, SC Chan, and CA Senior (2014) Heavier summer downpours with climate change revealed by weather forecast resolution model, Nature Climate Change, 4, 570–576, doi:10.1038/nclimate2258
- Kjellström, E., 2004. Recent and future signatures of climate change in Europe. Ambio, 33(4-5), 193-198.
- Kjellström E, Thejll P, Rummukainen M, Christensen JH, Boberg F, Christensen OB, Fox Maule C (2013) Emerging regional climate change signals for Europe under varying large-scale circulation conditions, Clim. Res., 56, 103–119, DOI: 10.3354/cr01146.
- Kjellström E, Nikulin G, Strandberg G, Christensen OB, Jacob D, Keuler K, Lenderink G, van Meijgaard E, Schär C, Somot S, Sørland SL, Teichmann C, and Vautard R (2018) European climate change at global mean temperature increases of 1.5 and 2 °C above pre-industrial conditions as simulated by the EURO-CORDEX regional climate models, Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 459-478, DOI: 10.5194/esd-9-459-2018.
- Maraun D, Widmann M, Gutiérrez JM, Kotlarski S, Chandler RE, Hertig E, Wibig J, Huth R and Wilcke RAI (2015), VALUE: A framework to validate downscaling approaches for climate change studies. Earth's Future, 3: 1–14., https://doi.org/10.1002/2014EF000259
- Olsson J, Berg P and Kawamura A (2015) Impact of RCM Spatial Resolution on the Reproduction of Local, Subdaily Precipitation. J. Hydrometeorol., 16, 534–547, doi:10.1175/jhm-d-14-0007.1.
- Prein AF, Gobiet A, Suklitsch M, Truhetz H, Awan NK, Keuler K and Georgievski G (2013) Added value of convection permitting seasonal simulations. Clim. Dyn., 41, 2655–2677, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1744-6.
- Sørland S, Lüthi D, Schär C and Kjellström E, (2018) Bias patterns and climate change signals in GCM-RCM model chains. Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 074017, DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aacc77.
- Taylor KE, Stouffer RJ and Meehl GA (2012) An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 93 485–98
- Tebaldi C, Debeire K, Eyring V, Fischer E, Fyfe J, Friedlingstein P, Knutti R, Lowe J, O'Neill B, Sanderson B, van Vuuren D, Riahi K, Meinshausen M, Nicholls Z, Tokarska KB, Hurtt G, Kriegler E, Lamarque J-F, Meehl G, Moss R, Bauer SE, Boucher O, Brovkin V, Byun Y-H, Dix M, Gualdi S, Guo H, John JG, Kharin S, Kim Y, Koshiro T, Ma L, Olivié D, Panickal S, Qiao F, Rong X, Rosenbloom N, Schupfner M, Séférian R, Sellar A, Semmler T, Shi X, Song Z, Steger C, Stouffer R, Swart N, Tachiiri K, Tang Q, Tatebe H, Voldoire A, Volodin E, Wyser K, Xin X, Yang S, Yu Y and Ziehn T, (2021) Climate model projections from the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) of CMIP6, Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 253–293, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-253-2021.
- Torma Cs, Giorgi F, and Coppola E (2015) Added value of regional climate modeling over areas characterized by complex terrain—Precipitation over the Alps, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, 3957– 3972. doi: 10.1002/2014JD022781.
- Vautard R, Kadygrov N, Iles C, Boberg F, Buonomo E, Bülow K, Coppola E, Corre L, van Meijgaard E, Nogherotto R, Sandstad M, Schwingshackl C, Somot S, Aalbers E, Christensen OB, Ciarlo JM, Demory M-E, Giorgi F, Jacob D, Jones RG, Keuler K, Kjellström E, Lenderink G, Levavasseur G, Nikulin G, Sillmann J, Solidoro C, Sørland SL, Steger C, Teichmann C, Warrach-Sagi K and Wulfmeyer V (2020) Evaluation of the large EURO-CORDEX regional climate model ensemble. J. Geophys. Res. DOI: 10.1029/2019JD032344
- Wilcke R, Kjellström E, Liu C, Matei K and Moberg A (2020) The extreme warm summer 2018 in Sweden - set in a historical context. Earth System Dynamics, 11, 1107-1121. DOI: 10.5194/esd-11-1107-2020.
