Description
This example shows: How to read and print radiosonde data from TEMP BUFR messages. If available this version also lists the position information from the WMO list (now OSCAR/Surface) appended to the reports by ECMWF
Source code
bufr_read_tempf.f90
! (C) Copyright 2005- ECMWF.
!
! This software is licensed under the terms of the Apache Licence Version 2.0
! which can be obtained at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
!
! In applying this licence, ECMWF does not waive the privileges and immunities granted to it by
! virtue of its status as an intergovernmental organisation nor does it submit to any jurisdiction.
!
!
! Description: read and print radiosonde data from TEMP BUFR messages.
! If available this version also lists the position information from the WMO list
! (now OSCAR/Surface) appended to the reports by ECMWF
!
! Author: Bruce Ingleby
!
! Please note that TEMP reports can be encoded in various ways in BUFR. Therefore the code
! below might not work directly for other types of TEMP messages than the one used in the
! example. It is advised to use bufr_dump first to understand the structure of these messages.
!
program bufr_read_tempf
use eccodes
implicit none
integer :: ifile
integer :: iret
integer :: ibufr
integer :: i, count = 0
integer :: iflag
integer :: status_id, status_ht, status_time = 0, status_p
integer :: status_rsno, status_rssoft, status_balloonwt, statid_missing
integer(kind=4) :: sizews
integer(kind=4) :: blockNumber, stationNumber
integer(kind=4) :: ymd, hms
logical :: llstdonly = .True. ! Set True to list standard levels only
logical :: llskip
real(kind=8) :: year, month, day, hour, minute, second
real(kind=8) :: htg, htp, htec = 0, sondeType, balloonwt
! real(kind=8), dimension(:), allocatable :: descriptors
real(kind=8), dimension(:), allocatable :: lat, lon
real(kind=8), dimension(:), allocatable :: timeVal, dlatVal, dlonVal, vssVal
real(kind=8), dimension(:), allocatable :: presVal, zVal, tVal, tdVal, wdirVal, wspVal
character(len=128) :: statid
character(len=16) :: rsnumber
character(len=16) :: rssoftware
call codes_open_file(ifile, '../../data/bufr/PraticaTemp.bufr', 'r')
! the first BUFR message is loaded from file
! ibufr is the BUFR id to be used in subsequent calls
call codes_bufr_new_from_file(ifile, ibufr, iret)
! loop through all messages in the file
do while (iret /= CODES_END_OF_FILE .AND. status_time == CODES_SUCCESS)
! Can check the template used
! call codes_get(ibufr,'unexpandedDescriptors',descriptors)
! write(0,*) 'Template: ', descriptors
! IF (descriptors(1) /= 309056.0) GOTO 999 ! only list descent profiles
! we need to instruct ecCodes to expand all the descriptors
! i.e. unpack the data values
call codes_set(ibufr, "unpack", 1);
! In our BUFR message verticalSoundingSignificance is always followed by
! geopotential, airTemperature, dewpointTemperature,
! windDirection, windSpeed and pressure.
count = count + 1
llskip = .False.
! Metadata:
call codes_get(ibufr, 'shipOrMobileLandStationIdentifier', statid, status_id)
IF (status_id /= CODES_SUCCESS) statid = "UNKNOWN"
call codes_is_missing(ibufr, 'shipOrMobileLandStationIdentifier', statid_missing)
IF (statid_missing == 1) statid = "MISSING"
call codes_get(ibufr, 'blockNumber', blockNumber)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'stationNumber', stationNumber)
IF (blockNumber <= 99.0 .AND. stationNumber <= 1000) write (statid, '(I2.2,I3.3,3X)') blockNumber, stationNumber
call codes_get(ibufr, 'year', year)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'month', month)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'day', day)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'hour', hour)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'minute', minute)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'second', second, status_time)
IF (status_time /= CODES_SUCCESS) second = 0.0
call codes_get(ibufr, 'latitude', lat)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'longitude', lon)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'heightOfStationGroundAboveMeanSeaLevel', htg, status_ht)
IF (status_ht /= CODES_SUCCESS) htg = -999.0
call codes_get(ibufr, 'heightOfBarometerAboveMeanSeaLevel', htp, status_ht)
IF (status_ht /= CODES_SUCCESS) htp = -999.0
call codes_get(ibufr, 'radiosondeType', sondeType)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'heightOfStation', htec, status_ht) ! Height from WMO list (BUFR)
IF (status_ht == CODES_SUCCESS .AND. htg == -999.0) htg = htec
ymd = INT(year)*10000 + INT(month)*100 + INT(day)
hms = INT(hour)*10000 + INT(minute)*100 + INT(second)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'radiosondeSerialNumber', rsnumber, status_rsno)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'softwareVersionNumber', rssoftware, status_rssoft)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'weightOfBalloon', balloonwt, status_balloonwt)
IF (status_balloonwt /= CODES_SUCCESS) balloonwt = 0.0
! Ascent (skip incomplete reports for now)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'timePeriod', timeVal, status_time)
IF (status_time /= CODES_SUCCESS) THEN
write (*, '(A,I7,A,A8,I9,I7.6,F9.3,F10.3,2F7.1,I4)') 'Ob: ', count, &
' ', statid, ymd, hms, lat(1), lon(1), htg, htp, INT(sondeType)
write (*, '(A)') 'Missing times - skip'
llskip = .True.
END IF
call codes_get(ibufr, 'pressure', presVal, status_p)
IF (status_p /= CODES_SUCCESS) THEN
write (*, '(A,I7,A,A8,I9,I7.6,F9.3,F10.3,2F7.1,I4)') 'Ob: ', count, &
' ', statid, ymd, hms, lat(1), lon(1), htg, htp, INT(sondeType)
write (*, '(A)') 'Missing pressures - skip'
llskip = .True.
END IF
call codes_get(ibufr, 'nonCoordinateGeopotentialHeight', zVal, status_ht)
IF (status_ht /= CODES_SUCCESS) THEN
write (*, '(A,I7,A,A8,I9,I7.6,F9.3,F10.3,2F7.1,I4)') 'Ob: ', count, &
' ', statid, ymd, hms, lat(1), lon(1), htg, htp, INT(sondeType)
write (*, '(A)') 'Missing heights - skip'
llskip = .True.
END IF
! IF (blockNumber /= 17 .OR. stationNumber /= 196) llskip=.True. ! FIX
! IF (blockNumber /= 17.0) llskip=.True. ! FIX
IF (.NOT. llskip) THEN
call codes_get(ibufr, 'latitudeDisplacement', dlatVal)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'longitudeDisplacement', dlonVal)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'extendedVerticalSoundingSignificance', vssVal)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'airTemperature', tVal)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'dewpointTemperature', tdVal)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'windDirection', wdirVal)
call codes_get(ibufr, 'windSpeed', wspVal)
! ---- Array sizes (pressure size can be larger - wind shear levels)
sizews = size(wspVal)
! ---- Print the values --------------------------------
write (*, '(A,I7,A,A8,I9,I7.6,F9.3,F10.3,2F7.1,I4,I5)') 'Ob: ', count, &
' ', statid, ymd, hms, lat(1), lon(1), htg, htp, INT(sondeType), sizews
IF (status_rsno == CODES_SUCCESS) write (*, '(A,A,A,F7.3)') &
'RS number/software/balloonwt: ', rsnumber, rssoftware, balloonwt
IF (status_ht == CODES_SUCCESS .AND. SIZE(lat) > 1) write (*, '(A,F9.3,F10.3,F7.1)') &
'WMO list lat, lon, ht: ', lat(2), lon(2), htec
write (*, '(A)') 'level dtime dlat dlon pressure geopotH airTemp dewPtT windDir windSp signif'
do i = 1, sizews
iflag = vssVal(i)
IF (.NOT. llstdonly .OR. BTEST(iflag, 16)) &
write (*, '(I5,F7.1,2F7.3,F9.1,F8.1,4F8.2,I8)') i, timeVal(i), &
dlatVal(i), dlonVal(i), presVal(i), zVal(i), tVal(i), tdVal(i), &
wdirVal(i), wspVal(i), INT(vssVal(i))
end do
END IF
! free allocated arrays
IF (ALLOCATED(timeVal)) deallocate (timeVal)
IF (ALLOCATED(dlatVal)) deallocate (dlatVal)
IF (ALLOCATED(dlonVal)) deallocate (dlonVal)
IF (ALLOCATED(vssVal)) deallocate (vssVal)
IF (ALLOCATED(presVal)) deallocate (presVal)
IF (ALLOCATED(zVal)) deallocate (zVal)
IF (ALLOCATED(tVal)) deallocate (tVal)
IF (ALLOCATED(tdVal)) deallocate (tdVal)
IF (ALLOCATED(wdirVal)) deallocate (wdirVal)
IF (ALLOCATED(wspVal)) deallocate (wspVal)
IF (ALLOCATED(lat)) deallocate (lat)
IF (ALLOCATED(lon)) deallocate (lon)
! 999 CONTINUE
! release the BUFR message
call codes_release(ibufr)
! load the next BUFR message
call codes_bufr_new_from_file(ifile, ibufr, iret)
end do
call codes_close_file(ifile)
end program bufr_read_tempf
bufr_read_tempf.c
/*
* (C) Copyright 2005- ECMWF.
*
* This software is licensed under the terms of the Apache Licence Version 2.0
* which can be obtained at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
*
* In applying this licence, ECMWF does not waive the privileges and immunities granted to it by
* virtue of its status as an intergovernmental organisation nor does it submit to any jurisdiction.
*/
/*
* C Implementation: bufr_read_tempf
*
* Description: read and print radiosonde data from TEMP BUFR messages.
* If available this version also lists the position information from the WMO list
* (now OSCAR/Surface) appended to the reports by ECMWF
*
* Author: Bruce Ingleby
*/
/*
* Please note that TEMP reports can be encoded in various ways in BUFR. Therefore the code
* below might not work directly for other types of TEMP messages than the one used in the
* example. It is advised to use bufr_dump to understand the structure of the messages.
*/
#include "eccodes.h"
/* Returns 1 if the bit at 'pos' in 'var' is set. The counting starts at 0 */
#define BTEST(var, pos) ((var) & (1 << (pos)))
/* Helper function to fill a double array with values of 'key'. Client must free memory */
static int get_double_array(codes_handle* h, const char* key, double** arr, size_t* size)
{
CODES_CHECK(codes_get_size(h, key, size), 0);
*arr = (double*)malloc(*size * sizeof(double));
return codes_get_double_array(h, key, *arr, size);
}
/* Helper function to fill an integer (=long) array with values of 'key'. Client must free memory */
static int get_long_array(codes_handle* h, const char* key, long** arr, size_t* size)
{
CODES_CHECK(codes_get_size(h, key, size), 0);
*arr = (long*)malloc(*size * sizeof(long));
return codes_get_long_array(h, key, *arr, size);
}
/* Reset dimension of input array to 'newsize' and fill with 'fillValue' */
static void realloc_and_fill(double** arr, size_t newsize, double fillValue)
{
size_t i;
free(*arr);
*arr = (double*)malloc(newsize * sizeof(double));
for(i=0; i<newsize; ++i) *arr[i] = fillValue;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
FILE* in = NULL;
/* Message handle. Required in all the ecCodes calls acting on a message.*/
codes_handle* h = NULL;
double *lat = NULL, *lon = NULL, *presVal = NULL, *zVal = NULL;
double *dlatVal = NULL, *dlonVal = NULL;
double *tVal = NULL, *tdVal = NULL, *wspVal = NULL, *wdirVal = NULL;
double htg, htp, htec = 0, balloonwt;
int err = 0;
int status_rsno = 0, status_ht = 0, status_airt = 0, status_dewt = 0, status_p = 0;
int count = 0;
int llskip = 0;
int llstdonly = 1; /* Set True to list standard levels only */
size_t i = 0, size = 0, sizews = 0, sizelats = 0;
long blockNumber, stationNumber;
long year, month, day, hour, minute, second, ymd, hms, sondeType;
long *timeVal = NULL, *vssVal = NULL;
const char* infile = "../../data/bufr/PraticaTemp.bufr";
char statid[128] = {0,};
char dropid[128] = {0,};
char rsnumber[16] = {0,};
char rssoftware[16] = {0,};
in = fopen(infile, "rb");
if (!in) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: unable to open file %s\n", infile);
return 1;
}
/* Loop over the messages in the BUFR file */
while ((h = codes_handle_new_from_file(NULL, in, PRODUCT_BUFR, &err)) != NULL || err != CODES_SUCCESS) {
count++;
if (h == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: unable to create handle for message %d\n", count);
continue;
}
/* We need to instruct ecCodes to expand the descriptors i.e., unpack the data values */
CODES_CHECK(codes_set_long(h, "unpack", 1), 0);
/* In our BUFR message verticalSoundingSignificance is always followed by
* geopotential, airTemperature, dewpointTemperature,
* windDirection, windSpeed and pressure */
llskip = 0;
size = 1024;
err = codes_get_string(h, "aircraftRegistrationNumberOrOtherIdentification", dropid, &size);
if (err) strcpy(dropid, "UNKNOWN");
size = 1024;
err = codes_get_string(h, "shipOrMobileLandStationIdentifier", statid, &size);
if (err) strcpy(statid, dropid);
CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "blockNumber", &blockNumber), 0);
CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "stationNumber", &stationNumber), 0);
if (blockNumber < 99 && stationNumber < 1000)
sprintf(statid, "%ld%ld", blockNumber, stationNumber);
CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "year", &year), 0);
CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "month", &month), 0);
CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "day", &day), 0);
CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "hour", &hour), 0);
CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "minute", &minute), 0);
err = codes_get_long(h, "second", &second);
if (err) second = 0;
err = get_double_array(h, "latitude", &lat, &sizelats);
err = get_double_array(h, "longitude", &lon, &size);
status_ht = codes_get_double(h, "heightOfStationGroundAboveMeanSeaLevel", &htg);
if (status_ht) htg = -999.0;
status_ht = codes_get_double(h, "heightOfBarometerAboveMeanSeaLevel", &htp);
if (status_ht) htp = -999.0;
CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "radiosondeType", &sondeType), 0);
err = codes_get_double(h, "heightOfStation", &htec); /* Height from WMO list (BUFR) */
if (!err && htg == -999.0) htg = htec;
ymd = year * 10000 + month * 100 + day;
hms = hour * 10000 + minute * 100 + second;
size = 16;
status_rsno = codes_get_string(h, "radiosondeSerialNumber", rsnumber, &size);
size = 16;
codes_get_string(h, "softwareVersionNumber", rssoftware, &size);
err = codes_get_double(h, "weightOfBalloon", &balloonwt);
if (err) balloonwt = 0;
/* Ascent (skip reports without dtime array for now) */
err = get_long_array(h, "timePeriod", &timeVal, &size);
if (err) {
printf("Ob: %d %s %ld %ld %g %g %g %g %ld\n",
count, statid, ymd, hms, lat[0], lon[0], htg, htp, sondeType);
printf("Missing times - skip\n");
llskip = 1;
}
status_p = get_double_array(h, "pressure", &presVal, &size);
status_ht = get_double_array(h, "nonCoordinateGeopotentialHeight", &zVal, &size);
if (!llskip) {
err = get_double_array(h, "latitudeDisplacement", &dlatVal, &size);
err = get_double_array(h, "longitudeDisplacement", &dlonVal, &size);
err = get_long_array(h, "extendedVerticalSoundingSignificance", &vssVal, &size);
status_airt = get_double_array(h, "airTemperature", &tVal, &size);
status_dewt = get_double_array(h, "dewpointTemperature", &tdVal, &size);
err = get_double_array(h, "windDirection", &wdirVal, &size);
err = get_double_array(h, "windSpeed", &wspVal, &sizews);
if (status_p != CODES_SUCCESS) {
realloc_and_fill(&presVal, sizews, -999999999.0);
}
if (status_ht != CODES_SUCCESS) {
realloc_and_fill(&zVal, sizews, -999999999.0);
}
if (status_airt != CODES_SUCCESS) {
realloc_and_fill(&tVal, sizews, -999999999.0);
}
if (status_dewt != CODES_SUCCESS) {
realloc_and_fill(&tdVal, sizews, -999999999.0);
}
/* Print the values */
printf("Ob: %7d %s %ld %ld %7.3f %7.3f %7.1f %7.1f %4ld %5lu\n",
count, statid, ymd, hms, lat[0], lon[0], htg, htp, sondeType, sizews);
if (status_rsno == CODES_SUCCESS) {
printf("RS number/software/balloonwt: %s %s %7.3f\n", rsnumber, rssoftware, balloonwt);
}
if (status_ht == CODES_SUCCESS && sizelats > 1) {
printf("WMO list lat, lon, ht: %s %g %g %g\n", statid, lat[1], lon[1], htec);
}
printf("level dtime dlat dlon pressure geopotH airTemp dewPtT windDir windSp signif\n");
for (i = 0; i < sizews; ++i) {
long iflag = vssVal[i];
if (!llstdonly || BTEST(iflag, 16)) {
printf("%5lu %6ld %7.3f %7.3f %9.1f %8.1f %8.2f %8.2f %8.2f %8.2f %8ld\n",
i + 1, timeVal[i],
dlatVal[i], dlonVal[i],
presVal[i], zVal[i], tVal[i], tdVal[i],
wdirVal[i], wspVal[i], vssVal[i]);
}
}
}
/* Release memory */
free(lat);
free(lon);
free(timeVal);
free(dlatVal);
free(dlonVal);
free(presVal);
free(zVal);
free(tVal);
free(tdVal);
free(wdirVal);
free(wspVal);
free(vssVal);
codes_handle_delete(h);
}
fclose(in);
printf("Finishing normally. Number of BUFR records read: %d\n", count);
return 0;
}
bufr_read_tempf.py
#
# (C) Copyright 2005- ECMWF.
#
# This software is licensed under the terms of the Apache Licence Version 2.0
# which can be obtained at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
#
# In applying this licence, ECMWF does not waive the privileges and immunities
# granted to it by virtue of its status as an intergovernmental organisation
# nor does it submit to any jurisdiction.
#
# Python implementation: bufr_read_tempf
#
#
# Description: read and print radiosonde data from TEMP BUFR messages.
# If available this version also lists the position information from the WMO list
# (now OSCAR/Surface) appended to the reports by ECMWF
#
# Author: Bruce Ingleby
#
# Please note that TEMP reports can be encoded in various ways in BUFR.
# Therefore the code below might not work directly for other types of TEMP
# messages than the one used in the example. It is advised to use bufr_dump to
# understand the structure of the messages.
#
import sys
import traceback
import numpy as np
from eccodes import *
INPUT = "../../data/bufr/PraticaTemp.bufr"
VERBOSE = 1 # verbose error reporting
def example():
# open BUFR file
f = open(INPUT, "rb")
llstdonly = 1
cnt = 0
# loop over the messages in the file
while 1:
# get handle for message
bufr = codes_bufr_new_from_file(f)
if bufr is None:
break
cnt += 1
# desc = codes_get_array(bufr, 'unexpandedDescriptors')
# if all(desc != 309056): # descent reports
# codes_release(bufr)
# continue # Skip other templates
# we need to instruct ecCodes to expand all the descriptors
# i.e. unpack the data section
codes_set(bufr, "unpack", 1)
# get header information from the message
try:
sid = codes_get(bufr, "aircraftRegistrationNumberOrOtherIdentification")
except Exception:
sid = "UNKNOWN"
statid = "00000 "
try:
block = codes_get(bufr, "blockNumber")
stnum = codes_get(bufr, "stationNumber")
if (block > 0) and (block < 100): # or block != CODES_MISSING_LONG
statid = str.format("%.2i%.3i " % (block, stnum))
except Exception:
statid = "00000 "
if statid == "00000 ":
statid = sid[0:8]
# subtype = codes_get(bufr,'rdbSubtype')
sondetype = codes_get(bufr, "radiosondeType")
slat = codes_get_array(bufr, "latitude")
slon = codes_get_array(bufr, "longitude")
try:
htg = codes_get(bufr, "heightOfStationGroundAboveMeanSeaLevel")
except Exception:
htg = -999.0
try:
htp = codes_get(bufr, "heightOfBarometerAboveMeanSeaLevel")
except Exception:
htp = -999.0
year = codes_get(bufr, "year")
month = codes_get(bufr, "month")
day = codes_get(bufr, "day")
hour = codes_get(bufr, "hour")
minute = codes_get(bufr, "minute")
try:
second = codes_get(bufr, "second")
except Exception:
second = 0.0
date = str.format("%i%.2i%.2i" % (year, month, day))
time = str.format("%.2i%.2i%.2i" % (hour, minute, second))
try:
windsp = codes_get_array(bufr, "windSpeed")
except Exception:
codes_release(bufr)
continue
print(
"Ob: %7i %s %s %s %7.3f %8.3f %6.1f %6.1f %3i %4i"
% (
cnt,
statid,
date,
time,
slat[0],
slon[0],
htg,
htp,
sondetype,
len(windsp),
)
)
try:
rsnumber = codes_get(bufr, "radiosondeSerialNumber")
rssoftware = codes_get(bufr, "softwareVersionNumber")
balloonwt = codes_get(bufr, "weightOfBalloon")
print("RS number/software/balloonwt ", rsnumber, rssoftware, balloonwt)
except Exception:
rsnumber = 0
try:
htec = codes_get(
bufr, "heightOfStation"
) # Height from WMO list (appended by ECMWF)
print("WMO list lat, lon, ht: %7.3f %8.3f %6.1f" % (slat[1], slon[1], htec))
except Exception:
htec = 0
# get all the timePeriods
dtime = codes_get_array(bufr, "timePeriod")
try:
pressure = codes_get_array(bufr, "pressure")
except Exception:
codes_release(bufr)
continue
vsSignif = codes_get_array(bufr, "extendedVerticalSoundingSignificance")
try:
geopoth = codes_get_array(bufr, "nonCoordinateGeopotentialHeight")
except Exception:
codes_release(bufr)
continue
dlat = codes_get_array(bufr, "latitudeDisplacement")
dlon = codes_get_array(bufr, "longitudeDisplacement")
airt = codes_get_array(bufr, "airTemperature")
dewt = codes_get_array(bufr, "dewpointTemperature")
windd = codes_get_array(bufr, "windDirection")
dtime = np.where(dtime != CODES_MISSING_LONG, dtime, np.nan)
dlat = np.where(dlat != CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE, dlat, np.nan)
dlon = np.where(dlon != CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE, dlon, np.nan)
airt = np.where(airt != CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE, airt, np.nan)
dewt = np.where(dewt != CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE, dewt, np.nan)
windd = np.where(windd != CODES_MISSING_LONG, windd, np.nan)
windsp = np.where(windsp != CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE, windsp, np.nan)
geopoth = np.where(geopoth != CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE, geopoth, np.nan)
pressure = np.where(pressure != CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE, pressure, np.nan)
# pressure = np.where(pressure > -1e10, pressure, np.nan)
print(
"level dtime dlat dlon pressure geopotH airTemp dewPtT windDir windSp signif"
)
for i in range(0, len(windsp)):
if (not llstdonly) or vsSignif[i] != 65536:
continue
print(
"%5i %6.1f %6.3f %6.3f %8.1f %7.1f %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f %7i"
% (
i + 1,
dtime[i],
dlat[i],
dlon[i],
pressure[i],
geopoth[i],
airt[i],
dewt[i],
windd[i],
windsp[i],
vsSignif[i],
)
)
# delete handle
codes_release(bufr)
# close the file
f.close()
def main():
try:
example()
except CodesInternalError as err:
if VERBOSE:
traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stderr)
else:
sys.stderr.write(err.msg + "\n")
return 1
if __name__ == "__main__":
sys.exit(main())