Overview
Reforecasts (also sometimes called hindcasts) are sets of past forecasts that are computed retrospectively using the same (or as close as possible) model as the real-time forecast for a number of past dates. In CEMS-Flood, the hydrological reforecasts are generated for medium, extended and seasonal ranges using the same hydrological modelling chain as for the operational forecasts and reanalysis datasets.
Compared with operational forecasts, reforecasts have two main advantages:
- they span a much longer time period (usually 20+ years), hence can better describe the interannual variability and contain larger sample of possible realisations useful to derive robust statistics
- they are generated retrospectively, using the same (or as close as possible) NWP model as the real-time forecast, hence containing the latest model development representative of the operational model
Hydrological reforecasts can be used for two main activities:
- to evaluate the skill of the forecast system, by comparing observations (or proxi observations such as the reanalysis) with reforecasts for a set of past dates as long as possible
- to define climatological statistics consistent with the forecasts (with varying lead times), which may have different biases than the historical simulations run with reanalysis or observation forcing.
The CEMS-Flood reforecast configuration
CEMS-Flood reforecasts are produced using reforecasts from ECMWF ENS medium-range and seasonal range systems as meteorological forcing.
Medium to extended range
ECMWF-ENS medium and extended range reforecasts are currently generated every Monday and Thursday, for the same date in the past 20 years with 11 ensemble members out to a lead time of 46 days. For EFAS v5 and GloFAS v4, these meteorological reforecasts are available in two flavours, a high-resolution version on 9-km out to 15 days, and a lower resolution version at 36-km out to 46 days. For earlier EFAS and GloFAS versions, there was only one set of reforecasts which had higher resolution in the first 15 days (18-km) and low-resolution in the days of 16-46 (36-km). The reforecasts then are forced through the CEMS-Flood hydrological modelling chain to produce 20 years of river discharge reforecasts, for all start dates available, with the 11 ensemble members. For EFAS, the high-resolution meteorological reforecasts are used as forcing out to day 15. For GloFAS, the first 15 days are forced with the high-resolution reforecasts, while the remaining days 16-46 period is forced with the low-resolution reforecasts. This creates a single, seamless simulation from day 1 to day 46. A schematic of the available ECMWF-ENS-forced reforecasts over the whole January-December period with 2019 reference date (for which the reforecasts were produced), is given in Figure 1.
For EFAS, the medium-range river discharge reforecasts are run for each river cell at a 6 hr time-step out to a lead time of 46 days with 11-ensemble members each. For GloFAS, the river discharge reforecasts are run for each river cell at a 24 hr time-step out to a lead time of 46 days with 11-ensemble members each.
Figure 1: ECMWF-ENS reforecast configuration schematic for the reference period January to December 2019.
From GloFAS v4 and EFAS v5, CEMS-Flood medium/extended-range reforecasts are generated from ECMWF's 48r1 model cycle for start dates across April to July 2023. As ECMWF IFS 48r1 continues to be generated operationally each Monday and Thursday for the corresponding dates in the last 20 years (i.e. 2003-2022), the CEMS-Flood medium/extended range reforecasts continues to be produced in a real time fashion, whenever a new reforecast is produced.
Seasonal range
ECMWF SEAS5 reforecasts are generated for the first of each month for the 36-year period of 1981-2016, with 25 ensemble members and lead time of 7 months. These meteorological reforecasts are then forced through the CEMS-Flood Seasonal hydrological modelling chain to produce 36 years of river discharge reforecasts, once per month, with 25 ensemble members and a 213-day lead time.